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Gendered racism
Gendered racism is a form of oppression that occurs due to race and gender. Gendered racism is perpetuated due to the prevalence of perceptions, stereotypes, and images of certain groups. Racism is defined as the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race. Racism functions as a way to distinguish races as inferior or superior to one another. Sexism is defined as prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination on the basis of sex. Gendered racism differs in that it pertains specifically to racial and ethnic understandings of masculinity and femininity, as well as along gendered forms of race and ethnic discrimination.
Fundamentally, age, class, and gender are intersecting categories of experience that affect all aspects of human life: thus, they simultaneously structure the experiences of all people in society. At any moment, race, class, or gender may feel more salient or meaningful in a given’s person’s life, but they are overlapping and cumulative in their effects on people’s experiences.〔Anderson & Collins, 2004〕 This emphasizes that it is difficult for an individual to differentiate which aspect of their identity is being attacked. It may be impossible for an individual to assess whether discrimination was due to gender or race. Both of these constructs make up the individual’s identity, and they intersect one another. Because people have social identities that intersect, it is important to focus on how those identities shape an individual’s experiences.
==Origin==
The term gendered racism was originally coined by sociologist Philomena Essed, and refers to simultaneous experience of both racism and sexism. According to Essed, racism and sexism “intertwine and combine under certain conditions into one hybrid phenomenon." 〔Essed, 1991〕 Gendered racism also encompasses what is known as “double jeopardy.” Double jeopardy in this case can be defined as a disadvantage an individual faces due two aspects of their identity.
Gendered racism is seen through society’s stereotypical portrayals of men and women of color. For example, African American men may be seen as criminals and absent fathers; Latino women may be seen as feisty and exotic; Asian women may be viewed as submissive and docile; African American women may be portrayed as Mammy figures, promiscuous, and emasculating. These stereotypes coincide with the images that are pervasive in the media, which informs people’s opinions on people of color. For African American women, gendered racism manifested in multiple ways. They suffered from prejudice, mistreatment, and they were also economically disadvantaged.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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